•Total Safe Intake, TSI 1500 ug/day
•
•Diet provides average 700 ug/day
•
•Supplements limited to 800 ug/day
•
•% NDNS 65+ intakes >TSI
- F-L Males
11%, Females 10%
- Inst. Males
7%, Females 6%
•
•High intakes from:
- food –
liver, very high dairy
- supplements
high intake & overages
•
•Acute Toxicity: – rare >50,000ug/day
- liver
failure, death
•
•Chronic Toxicity:
-
osteoporosis (vit D antagonist)
- hair loss,
dry skin
-
hypercalcaemia (PTH excess)
•
•Risk increased by: renal impairment, alcohol excess and obesity