•Acute Toxicity
Minor –
gastrointestinal upset – Mg, Fe, Zn,
Severe –
large amounts of vitamins A, D, C
•
•Chronic Toxicity
Osteoporosis – vitamin
A
Nervous system – vitamin
B6, Mn, Cu
Liver disease
– Fe, Cu, vitamin A, beta-carotene
Metabolic
Effects – hypercalcaemia, renal stones, induced deficiency
•
•Cancer
Induction – antioxidants
may act as pro-oxidant
Growth Rate – zinc, vitamins A and B
•
•Adverse Pregnancy Effects
Fetal
development/growth – Fe, vitamins A, C and E
•
•Minor and Idiosyncratic Adverse
Effects
Dermatological
– beta-carotene, vitamin B12, n-3 EFAs and others